What is operationalization in research?

• A. The process of integrating complex theories
• B. The process of defining how variables will be measured
• C. The step of collecting qualitative data
• D. Assessing the reliability of research instruments

Answer: (B)

Operationalization in research refers specifically to the process of defining how variables will be measured or quantified within a study. This step is crucial because abstract concepts and theories need to be translated into measurable and observable elements to be utilized effectively in research. For example, if a researcher is studying "aggression," operationalization could involve defining aggression in terms of specific behaviors that can be observed or measured, such as the number of physical altercations or self-reported aggressive tendencies.

This process ensures clarity and consistency in the research, allowing researchers to gather data that is relevant and meaningful in addressing their research questions. Without a clear operationalization, the validity and reliability of the research findings could be compromised, as the measurement of key variables would lack a solid framework.